The Dust Bowl and How It Affected Weather Predicting Research Paper

The Dust Bowl and How It Affected Weather Predicting - Research Paper Example This paper therefore seeks to review the effects of Dust Bowl on weather predicting and to examine the technologies that were used. Practical use of weather predicting Structured weather reports were maintained following the discovery of instruments to measure atmospheric conditions in early in the 17th century. Certainly these initial reports were used mostly by those people who were involved in farming activities. As noted by Lutgens, et al. (2001) planting and harvesting of plants clearly was better planned if the long term weather patterns were predicted. In America, weather prediction was initially done by the Army Signal Corps starting in the 1870s. This service was later offered by Department of Agriculture and later by the U.S Weather Bureau that was established in 1920s. Radio broadcasts was the main way of announcing weather forecast. Use of Radar technology One of the technologies used to predict weather during the America Dust Bowl era was the radar. Following the Dust Bo wl, those involved in weather forecasting focused on the use to radar as a tool to predict weather. Though, radar has been developed to monitor enemy airplanes, it was discovered that the equipment gave better results from raindrops at a particular wavelengths. Thus, it became feasible to track and examine development of thunderstorms or heavy showers and also it was possible to â€Å"view† the precipitation composition of big storms. Indeed, as pointed out by Byers (1994) the Dust Bowl that were experienced were caused by a long drought that lasted about six years leaving the landscape with bear and when strong wind came, they easily gathered tones of dust resulting in this Dust Bowl. Thus, the radar was seen as a tool to forecast such severe weather disasters. Indeed, since the era, radar has developed in its meteorological use as a predicting tool. As Wigley (1985) remind us, nearly all tornadoes as well as harsh thunderstorms in America have been predicted using this long -established technology. Radar examination of development, movement and features of these kinds of storms offers hints of the level of the storms. However, current radars have improved technology of Doppler, which is move effective. According to Trihey and Campbell (1989) the Dust Bowl, that followed the very bad drought in the Midwest experience between 1930 and 1936, was a typical meteorological drought, meaning that it resulted mainly due to odd climate patterns. They further points out that these climate patterns were destructive in their rhythmic relentlessness. Meteorological Kites In early 1930, meteorological kites were used to in weather forecasting. The kites were used in the weather stations for weather observations, and also in examining the atmosphere to collect different information regarding the weather. The main instruments that were carried on the kite included those for measuring the wind velocity, temperatures, different humidity at different altitudes as well as the barometer that was used to measure pressure. Indeed, as observed by Williams (2001) during this era, the U.S Weather Bureau perfected the science of using the kite. Different sizes of kites were used according to their speed and how far they could go. Nonetheless, these kites had their

Tornado and Hurricane formation processes Research Paper

Tornado and Hurricane formation processes - Research Paper Example The disastrous tornado began in Missouri and stayed on the ground for about 220 miles moving at a super speed to Illinois and Extending to Indiana (The tornado project 2012) The tornado left a trail on its passage measuring approximately 1.6 kilometers in width. Approximately six hundred and ninety eight persons lost their lives whereas two thousand people experienced injuries. (The tornado project 2012) On 14th April, 2011 a series of deadly tornadoes hit the Southern United States devastating the Cities of Oklahoma to Northern Carolina where dozens of people lost their lives and property (The tornado project 2012) According to Weisman et al 1982, concur that majority of violent tornadoes are spawned by Supercells storms; these storms undergo an average rotational movement (cyclonic in nature) with the highest vorticity almost coincident with the updraft core. The average rotational movement is referred as the mesocyclone. Supercells are always developed in extremely high convectibl e existing potential energy characterized by warm, moist air within the PBL and a lot of cool air aloft; large winds shear as well as convectible inhibition. Other factors responsible for the formation of Supercells may include the availability of dry air within the troposphere. This may be directed into the storm, cooled by an evaporative cooling in within the mixed air parcel. This condition leads to the development of the down draft. Strong down drafts implies strong updrafts as well as more severe storms.

Biomedical scences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Biomedical scences - Essay Example D is inherited as the Mendelian dominant trait while d is inherited as the recessive trait. The RBCs which bear the D and Dd isotypes are referred to as Rh+ individuals and persons having the d isotype are referred to as Rh- individuals. Almost all of the Rh+ people have the D isotype and similarly the Rh- individuals have the d isotype. When the Rh+ blood is transfused to an Rh- person then anti-Rh factor will develop in the patient’s blood within 12 days. If there is a second transfusion of the same blood (Rh+ blood) to that person then cross reaction with Rh factor and anti-Rh factor will cause agglutination reactions leading to hemolytic diseases of adults and newborn. If the mother is rhesus negative and the fetus is rhesus positive (the RBC contains Rhesus antigen inherited from a rhesus positive father), then antibodies will be formed against the rhesus antigen (in the fetus) and will cross the placenta and enter the mother’s blood. In the first pregnancy there w ill be no issues but during the second pregnancy these antibodies will cross the placenta and cross react with the Rhesus antigens of the fetus carried during the second pregnancy and cause agglutination reactions. This will cause erythroblastosis fetalis leading to hemolytic anemia and sometimes deposition of unconjugated bilirubin (derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin from the lysis of RBC’s) in the basal ganglia leading to neural deficits (Chatterjee, 2004). 2. All the six Rh agglutinogens namely the C, c, D, d, E and e are involved in the hemolytic reactions and are of the delayed type. Although routine blood group tests has eliminated the risk of compatibility of RhD isotype but the other isotypes may lead to sensitization in cases of diseases like sickle cell anemia. This disease is prevalent in blacks who express the E antigen and hence produce the anti-E agglutinins which lead to difficulties of donor selection in them for transfusion purposes as in sickle

Persuasive (AIRA) Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Persuasive (AIRA) Letter - Essay Example Inclusion of the Co-Curricular Records (CCR) would provide an official mode for student participation of co-curricular activities and nurturing talents in St. Mary University’s students. The management of the St. Mary University can only measure all roundedness in their learners through the Co-Curricular Record (CCR). It is also vital to consider that, additional skills besides education are important for learners. Though some people have counter arguments on the validity and reliability of these records, I still believe that educational transcripts have to be complemented and acquire additional skills that place them in an advantageous position in terms of accessing job opportunities. Through the AIRA strategy, the management of St. Mary’s University will need to shift an amount of funds to put the Co-Curricular Records (CCR) in place. The management will also need to dedicate a huge sum of money to mobilize students to join the group, as well as hire the services of motivational speakers to motivate students on the need to be all rounded learners. However, this move will be beneficial to the St. Mary’s just like has been to other

Clinical Biochemistry Essay Short questions(degree)

Clinical Biochemistry Short questions(degree) - Essay Example To diagnose Cushing’s syndrome levels of free cortisol are checked in the urine. Levels of cortisol in the saliva and serum are checked at midnight to confirm the disease. Dexamethasone which is a synthetic glucocorticoid is administered which leads to decreased cortisol if the increased levels are due to a tumor in the anterior pituitary. Addisons disease is characterized by insufficiency of cortisol which is caused mostly due to production of antibodies against the adrenal gland within the body. This leads to decreased glucose metabolism in the body causing hypoglycemia and it can prove to be fatal in periods of stress and mild infections. Hyperpigmentation is also seen. Levels of free cortisol are checked in the urine and serum and saliva levels of cortisol are checked at midnight. Adrenocorticotropin hormone is then administered and levels of cortisol are measure. If they do not rise it indicates the insufficiency of the adrenal gland and rules out any problem with the ant erior pituitary. Radioimmunoassay is a technique in which a known quantity of labeled antibody and a labeled antigen is taken. This known complex is added to with unknown quantity of serum containing the antigens which needs to be measured. The unlabelled antigen displaces the labeled antigen and combines with the antibody. This unlabelled antigen and antibody is measured. Different quantities of serum are taken and added to the labeled complex and a graph is plotted and the values for the antigen in serum are measured. This method is extremely sensitive and specific because the antigen and antibody complexes formed are very specific for each other. It is also very sensitive because it can detect small amounts of antigen. The results obtained are accurate if many samples are taken. To improve accuracy it is important to purify the sample as well the reactants from foreign particles to prevent any false results. More samples

Pharmacology and Pathologies Treatment Case Study

Pharmacology and Pathologies Treatment - Case Study Example The dosage of drugs this patient receives will be initially higher than the standard recommended because the circulation loss means that the required amount of drug may not have the desired distribution effects (Dreyer, 2005). Due to the gastrointestinal tract removal, the administrating doctor may decide that any treatment for PVD needs to be administered intravenously, and as such the dosage will be lower due to the differences in absorption via this method. The nurse must monitor the progression of the symptoms of PVD. For example, if the patient was presenting with claudication, then the extent of this would need to be continuously monitored throughout the treatment period to see if this was improving. Additionally, blood pressure would need to be measured periodically to see if there was any improvement in blood flow throughout the vascular system (Birkett, 2002). The patient would also need to be monitored for cardiovascular events such as cardiac arrest or stroke as these occur more frequently in patients presenting with PVD (Dreyer, 2005). Heparin is cleared from the body one of two ways, depending on the dosage used. At low doses, it is cleared through the reticuloendothelial system, and at high doses, both this and a renal clearing system are employed. As the dosages involved here are fairly high, and clearance is reduced in patients with cirrhosis of the liver or renal failure (Granger et al., 2001), we may make the assumption that there may be some issues in the renal clearing system in this patient and we may have to make further investigations into the state of the kidney.

Misuse of power Essay Example for Free

Misuse of power Essay The Crucible is largely concerned with the abuse and misuse of power in Salem. Discuss with reference to any three characters. The misuse of power in The Crucible leads to horrible suffering and even the deaths of some innocent people, in the town. Some characters in the play misuse their power towards other characters; some characters misuse their power in the courtroom and some misuse their power in religion (in church). In this essay I intend to look at the misuse of power focusing on the characters of Abigail Williams, Governor Danforth and Reverend Parris. Abigail Williams Misuses her power extensively throughout the play. She has most of the adults in Salem believing that she is a sweet innocent girl and so is never accused or suspended of doing anything sinful or unlawful. She also has most of the girls of Salem obeying her, due to a mixture of respect and fear, fear of Abigail and also a fear of getting in trouble for the dancing. The women of Salem are also afraid of Abigail as she could quite easily accuse them of witchcraft with no questions asked, as she is known to be sweet and innocent. Abigail did have power over John Proctor when he was having an affair with her, as he lusted after Abigail. Although she no longer has power over John Proctor as he learns during the play what she is really like when he turns her down. In act 3 of The Crucible Abigail seems to have power over court officials. When Abigail is accusing Mary Warren of witchcraft in the courtroom, Governor Danforth begins to question Abigail. Abigail replies with shock and says that she is hurt, Governor Danforth then swiftly backs off. Abigail then begins to threaten Danforth with how hell could take him in: think you be so mighty that the power of Hell may not turn your wits? Beware of it. Danforth then seems to be wary of Abigail in the next reply to her, the book describes what he says as apprehensively. Danforth has began to be aware of what Abigail is doing and decided to not get in her way or upset her, as he didnt want her to accuse him of being in contact with the Devil. If she did this it would be him on trial as well as all the others. Another point about Abigail is that she is a liar and she is very good at it. This is how she is so respected by some people and feared by others. In my opinion the reason Abigail is so manipulative and weird, and also seems to have no feeling or a conscience, is because her parents were murdered by Indians in front of her. She describes this to the girls in a hard-hearted way, which shows that her emotions have all been drained apart from her love/lust for proctor and her jealously of Elizabeth. Reverend Parris misuses his power in The Crucible because he does not think the townspeople of Salem respect his position as a man of God. The Churches power at that time was very strong and so Reverend Parris has no problem in using his power the wrong way. The way in which he misuses his power is mostly from the pulpit of the church in his sermons. He believes that the church is the authority of all people in the town. He also believes himself an authoritative figure. He believes that anyone who does not commit his or her lives to the church should be questioned. He also demands that the people of Salem are obedient to the church and himself. He says that if they are not obedient, then they will burn in hell. Reverend Parris preaching things like this in his sermon strikes fear into the townspeople, as they begin to think Hell is upon them and this causes chaos to break out, as they begin to yell and scream at one another. Reverend Parris hates to be wrong, in the courtroom even when he realised that he is wrong to accuse all the people involved, he still sticks to his beliefs however wrong they may be. Parris causes innocent peoples deaths all because of his beliefs, stubbornness, selfishness and his misuse of power. I have reached the conclusion that the characters in The Crucible do misuse their power; the two characters I chose demonstrate this theory very well. Not all the characters in the play do, but there are many characters that do. This selfish act of misusing power in The Crucible is very influential to how the plot develops. Without Abigail Williams acting like a selfish, irresponsible strumpet, or Reverend Parris being selfish and power-hungry The Crucible would have lost its whole page-turning ominous, experience.